| Bibliography Entry (at end of paper) | Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006. |
| Full Footnote (first citation in the paper) | 1. Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100. |
| Abbreviated Footnote (second and subsequent citations in the paper) | 2. Pollan, Omnivore’s Dilemma, 3. |
| Bibliography Entry | Ward, Geoffrey C., and Ken Burns. The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945. New York: Knopf, 2007. |
| Full Footnote | 1. Geoffrey C. Ward and Ken Burns, The War: An Intimate History, 1941–1945 (New York: Knopf, 2007), 52. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Ward and Burns, War, 59–61. |
List all of the authors in the bibliography; in the note, list only the first author, followed by et al. (“and others”):
| Full Footnote | 1. Dana Barnes et al., Plastics: Essays on American Corporate Ascendance in the 1960s . . . |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Barnes et al., Plastics . . . |
| Bibliography Entry | Morris, Jake. “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War.” In Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, edited by John D. Kelly, Beatrice Jauregui, Sean T. Mitchell, and Jeremy Walton, 67–83. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. |
| Full Footnote | 1. Jake Morris, “Seeing Red: Mao Fetishism, Pax Americana, and the Moral Economy of War,” in Anthropology and Global Counterinsurgency, ed. John D. Kelly et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010), 77. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Morris, “Seeing Red,” 81–82. |
If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you consulted. For books consulted online, list a URL or the name of the database. If no fixed page numbers are available, you can include a section title or a chapter or other number.
| Bibliography Entry |
Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. OR Kurland, Philip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds. The Founders’ Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. ProQuest Ebrary. |
| Full Footnote |
1. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. OR 1. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders’ Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), ProQuest Ebrary. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Kurland and Lerner, Founder’s Constitution, chap. 10, doc. 19. |
In a note, list the specific page numbers consulted, if any. In the bibliography, list the page range for the whole article.
| Bibliography | Weinstein, Joshua I. “The Market in Plato’s Republic.” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 439–58. |
| Full Footnote | 1. Joshua I. Weinstein, “The Market in Plato’s Republic,” Classical Philology 104 (2009): 440. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Weinstein, “Plato’s Republic,” 452–53. |
Article in an online journal
Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. A DOI is a permanent ID that, when appended to - https://doi.org/ - in the address bar of an Internet browser, will lead to the source. If no DOI is available, list a URL, or include the name of the database (e.g., JSTOR) at the end of the citation as a substitute for a DOI or URL.
| Bibliography |
Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. https://doi.org/10.1086/599247. OR Kossinets, Gueorgi, and Duncan J. Watts. “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 405–50. JSTOR. |
| Full Footnote |
1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 422, https://doi.org/10.1086/599247. OR 1. Gueorgi Kossinets and Duncan J. Watts, “Origins of Homophily in an Evolving Social Network,” American Journal of Sociology 115 (2009): 422, JSTOR. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Kossinets and Watts, “Origins of Homophily,” 439. |
If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database. Page numbers, if any, can be cited in a note but are omitted from the bibliography entry. If no author is identified, begin the citation with the article title.
| Bibliography |
Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html. OR Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Robert Pear. “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote.” New York Times, February 27, 2010. ProQuest Newsstream. |
| Full Footnote |
1. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/28/us/politics/28health.html. OR 1. Sheryl Gay Stolberg and Robert Pear, “Wary Centrists Posing Challenge in Health Care Vote,” New York Times, February 27, 2010, ProQuest Newsstream. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. Stolberg and Pear, “Wary Centrists.” |
It is often sufficient simply to describe web pages and other website content in the text (“As of May 1, 2017, Yale’s home page listed . . .”). For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date.
| Bibliography | McDonald’s Corporation. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts.” Last modified March 11, 2008. http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html. |
| Full Footnote | 1. “McDonald’s Happy Meal Toy Safety Facts,” McDonald’s Corporation, last modified March 11, 2008, http://www.mcdonalds.com/corp/about/factsheets.html. |
| Abbreviated Footnote | 2. “Toy Safety Facts.” |
(All of these examples taken from the Chicago Manual of Style Quick Guide, consult the guide for more examples)
