As of 2021, ASA/CSSA/SSSA follow the APA citation style.

Unless otherwise noted, images of citations on this page come from the ASA/CSA/SSSA style manual:

In-text citations are citations that occur within the body of your paper. 

APA/ASA/CSSA/SSSA citation styles all use the author-year notation system. Below are some examples.

Single author

There has been at least 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history (Ramos, 2015).

Ramos (2015) found 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history.

Two authors

There has been at least 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history (Ramos & Wilson, 2015).

Ramos and Wilson (2015) found 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history.

Three or more authors

There has been at least 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history (Ramos et al., 2015).

Ramos et al. (2015) found 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history.

More than two studies cited

There has been at least 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history (Ramos and Wilson, 2015; Martinez, 2019).

Ramos and Wilson (2015) and Martinez (2019) both found 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history.

If citing a specific page instead instead of an entire chapter or article

There has been at least 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history (Ramos, 2015, p. 42).

Ramos (2015, p. 42) found 532 volcanic eruptions in recorded history.

The reference list (or reference section) of your paper contains a list of all of the resources that you cited. Here's some things to keep in mind when creating a reference list:

• Arrange the list alphabetically by the last name of authors.
  • In the reference list itself, give the names of all authors. Optionally, if the paper has more than six authors, the rest may be abbreviated to 'et al.'
• Two or more articles by the same author (or authors) are listed chronologically.

Citing Journals

Example of Journal Article Citations (with and without DOI)

Schematic of a Journal Article Citation

Citing Magazine Articles

Citing Books, Bulletins, or Reports

Examples of Book, Bulletin, and Report Citations

Schematic of a Book, Bulletin, or Report Citation 

Citing Chapters Within Edited Books, Bulletins, and Reports

Examples of Citing Individual Chapters within an Edited Book

Schematic of a Chapter Citation Within a Book, Bulletin, or Report

Example of a Reference List Utilizing Multiple Types of Resources